Sources and further reading

The frameworks, standards and authors this article draws on, grouped by subject, with what each one supports.

The two traditions

  • The Scrum Guide

    Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland · 2020 edition

    The framework as it stands: the accountabilities, the artifacts and their commitments, and the absence of a project manager role. Earlier editions are archived on the same site.

  • Manifesto for Agile Software Development

    Kent Beck and sixteen co-signatories · 2001

    The 2001 manifesto and its twelve principles, including technical excellence (ninth) and a sustainable pace (eighth).

  • A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)

    Project Management Institute · first edition 1996; sixth edition 2017; seventh edition 2021

    The ten knowledge areas, the process groups of the sixth edition, and the move to principles and performance domains in the seventh.

  • Agile Practice Guide

    Project Management Institute and Agile Alliance · 2017

    PMI's own recognition of adaptive approaches.

  • The New New Product Development Game

    Hirotaka Takeuchi and Ikujiro Nonaka · Harvard Business Review · 1986

    The article that gave Scrum its name.

  • SCRUM Development Process

    Ken Schwaber · OOPSLA workshop 1995, published 1997

    The first presentation of Scrum as empirical process control.

  • Managing the Development of Large Software Systems

    Winston Royce · IEEE WESCON · 1970

    The paper usually cited as the origin of the waterfall, which warns against running it in a single pass.

Improvement and management

  • Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control

    Walter Shewhart · 1939

    The improvement cycle later known as plan, do, check, act.

  • Out of the Crisis

    W. Edwards Deming · MIT Press · 1982

    Deming's management principles, including driving out fear and eliminating numerical quotas.

  • Agile Estimating and Planning

    Mike Cohn · Prentice Hall · 2005

    The planning onion, and doing high-value, high-risk work early. Developed in the companion article, Agile Planning.

Architecture and technical practice

  • Flaccid Scrum

    Martin Fowler · 2009

    Teams that adopt the process, neglect technical practice and slow down.

  • Design Stamina Hypothesis

    Martin Fowler · 2007

    The slowdown curve of figure 4.

  • The WyCash Portfolio Management System

    Ward Cunningham · OOPSLA experience report · 1992

    Where the technical debt metaphor comes from.

  • Scrum : le guide pratique de la méthode agile la plus populaire

    Claude Aubry · Dunod · first edition 2010

    The recommendation to give about a quarter of early sprints to architecture.

  • Crystal Clear: A Human-Powered Methodology for Small Teams

    Alistair Cockburn · Addison-Wesley · 2004

    The walking skeleton.

  • How Do Committees Invent?

    Melvin Conway · Datamation · 1968

    Conway's law: systems mirror the communication structure of the organisations that build them.

  • Team Topologies

    Matthew Skelton and Manuel Pais · IT Revolution · 2019

    Team types, including complicated-subsystem teams for deep specialists.

Scale and regulation

  • The Nexus Guide

    Ken Schwaber, Scrum.org

    Scaling Scrum with a Nexus Integration Team.

  • Large-Scale Scrum (LeSS)

    Craig Larman and Bas Vodde

    Scaling Scrum around one Product Backlog.

  • Scrum@Scale

    Jeff Sutherland

    Scaling through a network of teams.

  • Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe)

    Scaled Agile, Inc.

    PI Planning, Release Train Engineers, enablers and the architectural runway.

  • IEC 62304: Medical device software, software life cycle processes

    International Electrotechnical Commission · 2006, amended 2015

    Documented architecture for safety classes B and C, and traceability from requirements to tests.

  • AAMI TIR45: Guidance on the use of agile practices in the development of medical device software

    Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation

    Recognised by the FDA as a consensus standard.

  • Quality Management System Regulation (QMSR)

    US Food and Drug Administration · in effect since February 2026

    Design controls under 21 CFR 820, now aligned with ISO 13485.